The investigation is the first one to establish how it performs and how it could be administered without the myriad adverse consequences.
Ketamine is the speedster of antidepressants, working within hours compared to more common antidepressants that can take several weeks. But Ketamine can only be given for a limited amount of time because of its many side effects. Now, a new Northwestern Medicine study identifies for the first time exactly how it works so quickly, and how it might be adapted for use as a drug without the side effects.
The study in mice shows ketamine works as a rapid antidepressant by increasing the activity of the very small number of newborn neurons, which are part of an ongoing neurogenesis in the brain.
New neurons are always being made at a slow rate. It’s been known that increasing the number of neurons leads to behavioral changes. Other antidepressants work by increasing the rate of neurogenesis, by increasing the number of neurons. But this takes weeks to happen. By contrast, Ketamine produces behavioral changes simply by increasing the activity of the existing new neurons. This can happen immediately when the cells are activated by Ketamine. The side effects of Ketamine include blurred or double vision, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, drowsiness and addiction.
The study was published recently in Nature Communications by Dr. John Kessler, lead study author. The goal is to develop an antidepressant that doesn’t take three to four weeks to work because people don’t do well during that period of time. Newborn neurons act like a match to ignite activity in neurons
“We prove neurogenesis is responsible for the behavioral effects of ketamine,” Dr. Kessler said. “The reason is these newborn neurons form synapses (connections) that activate the other cells in the hippocampus. This small population of cells acts like a match, starting a fire that ignites a bunch of activity in a lot of other cells that produce the behavioral effects. However, it has not been understood that the same behavioral changes can be accomplished by increasing the activity of the new neurons without increasing the rate at which they are born. This obviously is a much more rapid effect.”
For the study, Northwestern scientists created a mouse in which only the very small population of newborn neurons had a receptor that allowed these cells to be silenced or activated by a drug that did not affect any other cells in the brain.
Scientists showed if they silenced the activity of these cells, Ketamine didn’t work anymore. But if they used the drug to activate this population of cells, the results mirrored those of Ketamine. This showed conclusively that it is the activity of these cells that is responsible for the effects of Ketamine, Kessler said.
Parvathy Sukumaran 
